Thirty Years' War
Christian IV
of Denmark
Defenestration of Prague yourself
Gustavus II of Sweden
1618-1648
But the French and English fought for 11 more years!
German Protestants from Bohemia met in Prague to protest Ferdinand's laws. King Ferdinand sent his officials to deal with the trouble. They mob became unruly and threw the officials out of the window and landed in manure.
Ferdinand 11 inherited the German lands from Matthias who was the grandson of Ferdinand 1. He was a devout Catholic and who did not support Protestantism.
Gustavus II was king of Sweden. Learning from Christian IV's defeat, he prepared his men differently. His army was paid well and given the finest equipment. For the first time, all soldiers wore the same uniform. Finally, they were taught to fight in small groups versus a long line.
Christain IV was king of Denmark, he joined with the English army to march into Germany and face Ferdinand. Ferdinand grew nervous and hired the fierce military leader, Albert Wallenstein, to head his forces. Christian was crushed by Wallenstein. His efforts to defend Protestantism failed.
In addition, Gustavus formed a Protestant Union between Sweden and someof the German provinces. Ready for battle, Gustavus, himself, led his army into Vienna. Unfortunately, Gustavus was killed in battle and his army began to fall apart.
Weary from battle, Ferdinand began to make peace with his enemies. He signed a treaty with the Germanprinces allowing them to decide the religious practices of their lands. Unfortunatley, France saw this as a weakness and attacked!
Led by Cardinal Richelieu, France, Spain, Sweden, and the Netherlands joined in the final battle against Ferdinand. They fought for many years. Eventually Richelieu and Ferdinand died. Weary from 30 years of war, leaders met to sign the Treaty of Westhalia.
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